IPC

1. Pipes
Pipes provide a unidirectional channel for communication between processes. Data written to one end of the pipe can be read from the other end.
Types
Anonymous Pipes: Typically used for communication between related processes, such as a parent and child process. They are simple but limited to the same machine.
Named Pipes: Provide a more flexible way to communicate between processes, including those on different machines. They use a name to identify the pipe and support bi-directional communication.

2. Message Queues
Message queues allow processes to send and receive messages in a managed queue. Messages are stored in the queue until they are retrieved by the receiving process.

3. Shared Memory
Shared memory allows multiple processes to access the same region of memory. This method enables processes to exchange large amounts of data quickly.

4. Semaphores
Semaphores are synchronization tools used to manage access to shared resources and coordinate process activities.
Types
Binary Semaphores: Used to implement mutual exclusion, allowing only one process to access a resource at a time.
Counting Semaphores: Manage access to a pool of resources, allowing a specified number of processes to access the resource concurrently.

5. Sockets
Sockets enable communication between processes over a network, supporting both connection-oriented and connectionless communication.
Types
Stream Sockets (TCP): Provide reliable, connection-oriented communication with error checking and flow control.
Datagram Sockets (UDP): Provide connectionless communication with lower overhead and faster transmission, but without guaranteed delivery.

6. Signals
Signals are a form of inter-process communication used to notify processes of events or conditions. They are typically used for simple notifications and process control.
Types
Software Signals: Generated by the operating system or other processes to notify events, such as SIGINT for interruption.
Hardware Signals: Triggered by hardware events, such as interrupts.